Compound that flushes out latent HIV created

This December 1985 image provided by Tottori University, Tokyo shows a magnified view of the AIDS virus taken by researchers of the university's medical department.

Researchers have created a collection of “bryologs” — derived from a tiny marine organism, that been shown to activate latent HIV reservoirs with equal or greater potency than the original substance. A collection of “bryologs” activate hidden reservoirs of the virus that currently make the disease nearly impossible to eradicate.

Thanks to antiretrovirals, an AIDS diagnosis hasn’t been a death sentence for nearly two decades. But highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART, is also not a cure.

Patients must adhere to a demandingly regular drug regimen that carries plenty of side effects. And while the therapy may be difficult to undergo in the United States, it is nearly impossible to scale to the AIDS crisis in the developing world.

The problem with HAART is that it doesn’t address HIV’s so-called proviral reservoirs — dormant forms of the virus that lurk within T-cells and other cell types. Even after all of the body’s active HIV has been eliminated, a missed dose of antiretroviral drugs can allow the hibernating virus to emerge and ravage its host all over again.

"It’s really a two-target problem,” Professor Paul Wender from Stanford said.

"And no one has successfully targeted the latent virus,” he said.

But Wender’s lab is getting closer, exciting many HIV patients hoping for a cure. The lab’s work may give doctors a practical way to flush out the dormant virus.

The first attempts to reactivate latent HIV were inspired by observations of Samoan healers. When ethnobotanists examined the bark of Samoa’s mamala tree, traditionally used by healers to treat hepatitis, they found a compound known as prostratin.

Prostratin binds to and activates protein kinase C, an enzyme that forms part of the signalling pathway that reactivates latent viruses. The discovery sparked interest in the enzyme as a potential therapeutic target, especially as it was discovered that prostratin isn’t the only biomolecule to bind to the kinase.

The bryozoan Bugula neritina — a mossy, colonial marine organism — produces a protein kinase C—activating compound that is many times more potent than prostratin. The molecule, named bryostatin 1, was deemed to hold promise as a treatment, not only for HIV but for cancer and Alzheimer’s disease as well.

The National Cancer Institute initiated a Phase II clinical trial for the compound in 2009 for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. But the substance had a number of side effects and proved prohibitively difficult to produce.

"It took 14 tons of bryozoans to make 18 grams of bryostatin,” Wender said. "They’ve stopped accrual in trials because, even if the trials worked, the compound cannot be currently supplied,” he said.

Patient enrolment was suspended until more accessible compounds came out of the Wender Group’s lab.

Wender, who published the first practical synthesis of prostratin and its analogs in 2008, had set out to make a simpler, more effective synthetic analog of bryostatin.

"We can copy the molecule or we can learn how it works and use that knowledge to create something that has never existed in nature and might be superior to it,” he said.

The seven resulting compounds, called bryologs, share two fundamental features with the original bryostatin: the recognition domain, which directly contacts protein kinase C, and the spacer domain, which allows the bryolog-protein kinase C complex to be inserted into the cell membrane.

The researchers tested the new compounds’ ability to reactivate viral reservoirs in J-Lat cell lines, which contain latent HIV and begin to fluoresce when they express the virus.

In the J-Lat line, bryologs induced virus in as many or more cells than bryostatin at a variety of concentrations, and ranged from 25 to 1,000 times more potent than prostratin. The compounds showed no toxic effects.

Bryolog testing remains in the early stages — the researchers are currently conducting in vivo studies in animal models. But practical bryostatin substitutes may be the first step toward true HIV—eradication therapy.

The study has been published in the journal Nature Chemistry.